A smooth surface is desired, while spraying colours (on a car) or
while
printing a photograph. Surfaces made by deposition/evaporation of
particles can vary in their roughness. Depending on the rules of
deposition/evaporation one may get a phase transition (non-equilibrium)
from a rough (disordered) surface to a smooth (ordered) one.
The criticality, thus obtained, falls generically in KPZ
universality
class [ PRL 56, 889 (1996)].
KPZ transition in 2-dimension is less understood.
The following
interesting paper describes the surface growth in a experiment
on
a pile of rice.
Ref : Avalanche dynamics, surface roughening, and
self-organized criticality:
Experiments on a three-dimensional pile of
rice , (pdf file is here)
C. M. Aegerter, R.
Günther, and R. J.
Wijngaarden
, Phys.
Rev. E 67, 051306 (2003)
I would like you explain their results:
1) Describe their Experiment
2) Explain their result
3) Compare KPZ exponents in 1, 2 and 3D
4) Can you think of a simple model ?